Participles
A participle is a verb
form used as an adjective to modify nouns and pronouns. The following sentence
contains both a present and a past participle:
The children, crying and exhausted, were
guided out of the collapsed mine.
Exhausted is a past participle, formed by adding -ed to the present form of
the verb (exhaust). Both participles modify the subject, children.
All present participles end in -ing. The past
participles of all regular verbs end in -ed.
However, irregular verbs have various past participle endings (for instance,
thrown. ridden, built, and gone).
A participial phrase is made up of a participle and its modifiers. A
participle may be followed by an object, an adverb, a prepositional phrase, an
adverb clause, or any combination of these.
Example :
- The bored student.
- The confused class. (all the
students)
- The chicken has eaten. (perfect
aspect:)
- The chicken was eaten. (passive
voice)
*Gerunds
In English, the gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example: Eating this cake is easy.
In English, the gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example: Eating this cake is easy.
Other examples of the gerund:
- I like swimming.
(direct object)
- Swimming is fun. (subject)
- I never gave swimming
all that much effort. (indirect object)
Gerund
clauses:
- She is considering having
a holiday.
- Do you feel like going
out?
- I can't help falling in
love with you.
- I can't stand not seeing
you.
*Present
The present (or now) is the time that is associated with the events perceived directly and in the first time, not as a recollection (perceived more than once) or a speculation (predicted, hypothesis, uncertain). It is a period of time between the past and the future, and can vary in meaning from being an instant to a day or longer.
Example:
-I help people
-I'M happy today
-You are busy now
-We are ready
-She is tired
-I live in Jakarta
-I have breakfast at six
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