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GIVING ADVICE

21.37 |

There are a number of furmula used when giving advice in english. Here are some of the most common :

- I don’t think you should work so hard

- Whatever you do,don’t work so hard

To do something :

- It would probably be a good idea.......

- I advice you to........

- How about.......?

Not to do something :

- I would not.........,if I were you

Using imperatives to give advice :

You can use imperative verbs + ‘-ing’ to give advice. Example :

- Stop drinking so much coke.

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Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt if the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners orreaders that something should or should not happen or be done.

Generic structure :

· Thesis : announcement of issue concern

· Argument : reasons for concern leading to recommendation.

· Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not happen.

Language feature :

· Focusing on the writer

· Emotive words such as : worried

· Using abstractnoun : advantage,etc.

· Using action verb

· Using thinking verb

· Using modal adverb : surely,etc.

· Using temporal connective : secondly,etc.

· Using passive voice

· Using simple present tense

· Subjective using pronouns : I and We

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WEARTHER REPORTS AND TABLES/GRAPHS

20.25 |

WEARTHER REPORTS

Definition :

Weather reports or weather forecast is a prediction is a prdiction of weather,often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather ispredicted through application of principles of physics and mateorogy.

Function :

· To protect life and property

· Temperature and precipitation,it is important for agriculture,

· For commodities traders in the stock market.

· Climate forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days.

· To decide what to wear on a given day

· To plan activities,

· To plan ahead and sirvive.

TABLES

Definition :

The table is a summary of a list of data that informs the form of numbers,arranged by applying, in sequence down certain paths and rows using the row delimiter.

Function :

· Describe a fact or information in brief,clear,and more interesting than words.

· To compare the amount of data.

How to read table ?

· Observe first title.

· Observe the colums in the table.

· Find the striking difference in the data is either the lowest or the highest average,count if necessary.

GRAPH

Definition :

Graph is a painting or a tidal rise and fall of a state represented by a line or drawing the ups and downs of data.

Function :

· Enables delivery of complex information more easily.

· Can provide a snapshot of information in a clear,simple,interesting,and effective.

· To compare the amount of data.

How to read ?

· Observe the chart title first

· Observe the right lane and the left or down with respect to the number

· Find the striking difference in the data

· Pull conclusions from the data and describe

There are three basic kinds of graps :

1. Circle graph : A circle graph is a graph in the form of a circle that is divided into sectors,with each sector representing a part of a set of data

2. Bar graph : Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that are one time,that aren’t continuous-especially samplings such as surveys,inventories,etc.

3. Line graph : A graph that uses points connected by lines to show how something changes in value (as time goes by or as something else happens)

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SO,TOO,EITHER,NEITHER.

20.24 |

I. So,and Too

Definition :

· The words ‘so’ and ‘too’ are used to combine two positive statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentences

· The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence.

Patterns :

· Subject 1 + to be/verb + object/complement + and + so + auxiliary + subject 2

· Subject 1 + to be/verb + object/complement + and + subject 2 + auxiliary + too

II. Either,and Neither.

Definition :

The words ‘either’ and ‘neither’ are used to combine two negative statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence.

Patterns :

· Subject 1 + to be + not + verb + object + and + subject 2 + auxiliary + not + either

· Subject 1 + to be + not + verb + object + and + neither + auxiliary + subject 2

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DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

20.24 |

Definite Pronouns

Definition :

Definite Pronouns are replaces a noun that’s idenfity has been clearly given.

Function :

Eliminates repetition or unnecessary naming of a known or identified noun(s)

Types of definite pronouns :

1. Personal : I,YOU,SHE, HE,IT,WE,THEY,YOU,ME,HER,HIM,US,THEM.

2. Demonstrative : THIS,THAT,THESE,THOSE.

Example : - Would she like to study together after class?

- There are 20 apple trees outside the school gate. Those are my favorite trees at our school.

Indefinite Pronouns

Definition :

As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural and must match the verb in number.

Pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun

Nobody Anybody

None Anyone

Nothing Anything

Somebody Everybody

Someone Everyone

Something Everything

Pronouns that refer to a specific noun

All Another

Any Both

Each Either

Few Many

Neither Ones

Some Several

Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns

A mentioned previously indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural and the verb has to match in number. Below is the list of singular indefinite pronouns.

Another Anybody

Anyone Anything

Each Either

Everybody Everyone

Everything Neither

Nobody No one

Nothing One

Somebody Something

Someone

The following are plural indefinite pronouns:

Both

Few

Many

Several

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NOUN CLAUSE

20.23 |

Definition :

Noun clause is does the work of a noun in a sentence or phrase,it’s a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of it’s own.

Function :

· A noun clause can be a subject of a verb.

· A noun clause can be a object of a verb.

· A noun clause can be an object of a preposition.

· A noun clause(not a noun) can be an adjective complement.

Uses of Noun Clauses :

· After some verbs and adjectives

· To include a question in a statement

· To report what someone has said or asked.

Types of Noun Clauses :

· Noun clauses with THAT :

· Noun clauses with Wh-words :

· Noun clauses with if/whether :

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ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

20.22 |

Definition :

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. It’s social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition :

1. Thesis : Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position.

2. Arguments : Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position.

3. Reiteration : Restating the writer’s position.

Purpose of Analytical Exposition :

To attempt to persuade the reader to believe something by presenting one side of the argument.

Language Features of Analytical Exposition :

· Focus on generic human and non-human participants.

· Use abstract noun.

· Modal verbs.

· Evaluative language.

· Use of present tense.

· Passive sentence.

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GIVING ADVICE

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

WEARTHER REPORTS AND TABLES/GRAPHS

SO,TOO,EITHER,NEITHER.

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

NOUN CLAUSE

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION